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Oppenheimer  

a 2023 biographical thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist who was pivotal in developing the first nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project, and thereby ushering in the Atomic Age. Cillian Murphy stars as Oppenheimer, with Emily Blunt as Oppenheimer's wife Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, Matt Damon as General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan , and Robert Downey Jr. as Lewis Strauss, a senior member of the United States Atomic Energy Commission

. The ensemble supporting cast includes Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek and Kenneth Branagh. The project was announced in September 2021 after Universal Pictures won a bidding war for Nolan's screenplay. Murphy signed on to portray Oppenheimer in October, with others in the main cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was underway by January 2022, with filming taking place from February to May. was filmed in a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film, including, for the first time in history, sections in IMAX black-and-white film photography. with his previous works, Nolan used extensive practical effects and minimal computer-generated imagery. Oppenheimer premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on July 11, 2023, and was theatrically released in the United States and United Kingdom on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures. Its simultaneous release with Greta Gerwig's Barbie led to the "Barbenheimer" phenomenon on social media, which encouraged audiences to see both films as a double feature. The film has grossed over $400 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with particular praise for its cast, screenplay, and visuals.

  Plot

In 1926, 22-year-old doctoral student J. Robert Oppenheimer suffers from homesickness and anxiety while studying under experimental physicist Patrick Blackett at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Oppenheimer, upset with Blackett, retaliates by leaving him a poisoned apple, then narrowly prevents visiting scientist Niels Bohr from eating it. completes his PhD in physics at the University of Göttingen in Germany, where he meets theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg. He returns to the United States, hoping to expand quantum physics research there, and begins teaching at the University of California, Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology. He meets his future wife, Katherine Puening, a biologist and ex-communist. He has an intermittent affair with Jean Tatlock, a member of the Communist Party USA, her suicide a few years later. In 1942, U.S. Army General Leslie Groves recruits Oppenheimer to lead the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb after Oppenheimer assures Groves that he has no communist sympathies. Oppenheimer, who is Jewish, is particularly driven by the Nazis possibly completing their nuclear weapons program under Heisenberg's supervision. Oppenheimer assembles a scientific team including Edward Teller and Isidor Isaac Rabi in Los Alamos, New Mexico to secretly create the bomb. He also collaborates with scientists Enrico Fermi and David L. Hill. Oppenheimer and physicist Albert Einstein have a discussion on how an atomic bomb risks triggering an unstoppable chain reaction that could destroy the world.  When Germany surrenders in World War II, some project scientists question the bomb's continued importance, though the war with Japan is still ongoing in the Pacific. bomb is completed, and the Trinity test is successfully conducted just before the Potsdam Conference. President Harry S. Truman orders the atomic bombs be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing Japan's surrender and thrusting into the public eye as the "father of the atomic bomb". Haunted by the bomb's destruction and the suffering it caused, Oppenheimer urges Truman to restrict atomic weapon development. Truman perceives Oppenheimer's distress as weakness and insists that, as president, alone bears responsibility for the bomb's use. Oppenheimer advocates against further nuclear research, especially the hydrogen bomb proposed by Teller. His stance becomes a point of contention amid the tense Cold War with the Soviet Union. Lewis Strauss, chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, resents Oppenheimer for publicly dismissing his concerns the export of radioisotopes and for recommending arms talks with the Soviet Union. He also believes Oppenheimer criticized him to Einstein. At a hearing intended to remove Oppenheimer from political influence, Oppenheimer is betrayed by Teller and other associates. Strauss exploits Oppenheimer's associations with current and former communists such as Tatlock and Oppenheimer's brother, Frank. Despite Rabi and several other allies testifying in Oppenheimer's defense, Oppenheimer's security clearance is prematurely revoked, damaging his public image and neutralizing his policy influence. At Strauss's later Senate confirmation hearing to become Secretary of Commerce, Hill testifies about Strauss's personal motives in engineering Oppenheimer's downfall. The Senate votes against Strauss's nomination. 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson presents Oppenheimer the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation. Oppenheimer and Einstein's conversation is then revealed to have not been about Strauss, the far-reaching implications of nuclear weapons, with Oppenheimer ominously stating that he believes he did indeed start a chain reaction that will destroy the world.

Production

DevelopmentAD

the publication of the 2005 J. Robert Oppenheimer biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, director Sam Mendes had been interested in adapting the book into a film. However, the project never materialized, and the authors grew pessimistic about the prospects of the book being adapted to the screen. By 2015, J. David Wargo, who owned the rights to the book, went through various scripts with the intent of a film adaptation. Wargo later flew to Hollywood and met actor James Woods, who had also set up a with Charles Roven, a producer for various Christopher Nolan films.[47] In 2019, towards the end of production on Nolan's science-fiction film Tenet (2020), star Robert Pattinson gave the director a book of Oppenheimer's speeches. to Nolan, who had already long wanted to make a film about Oppenheimer,[48] speeches exhibited the physicist "wrestling with the implications ... of what's happened and what [he's] done". Nolan wanted to depict "what it would have been like to be Oppenheimer in those moments" in contrast to Tenet, which employs time travel to curb a potential weapon of mass destruction.[49][2]

December 2020, Warner Bros. Pictures announced plans to give its 2021 films simultaneous releases in theaters and on HBO Max, citing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry. Nolan, who had partnered with the studio on each one of his films starting with Insomnia (2002), was outraged with the decision as he had been a proponent film theaters.[50] In January 2021, media reports mentioned the possibility that Nolan's next film could be the first not to be financed or distributed by Warner Bros.[51] By mid-2021, the filmmaker had already left Warner Bros. and had been meeting with other studios to develop his new project.[2] Nolan had previously supported the studio's decision to give Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) a simultaneous release, stating that he perceived that situation to have been handled properly, but said he had been excluded from any discussions regarding the postponed release of Tenet.[52][53]

September 2021, it was announced that Nolan would write and direct a biographical film set during World War II about Oppenheimer, with Cillian Murphy in negotiations to star.[54][55] Later in 2021, the director read American Prometheus, and decided to base his screenplay around the book, while also considering Oppenheimer to be the most important figure in history due to his role in the creation of the atomic bomb.[47][48] Due to his strained relationship with Warner Bros., Nolan approached multiple studios for the project, including Sony Pictures, Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Apple Studios.[56][57] According to insiders, Paramount was ruled out early in the process in relation to the replacement of CEO and chairman Jim Gianopulos with Brian Robbins, an advocate for increased streaming-service releases.[57] Nolan had connections to Donna Langley, the chairman and chief content officer of the NBCUniversal studio group, who agreed with the filmmaker's stance on the film industry. As such, Universal agreed to finance and distribute the film, with production set to begin in the first quarter of 2022.[58] The studio also agreed to Nolan's stipulations, which included a production budget of $100 million, an equal marketing budget, an exclusive theatrical window ranging from 90–120 days, 20% of the film's first-dollar gross, and a three-week period before and after the film's release in which Universal could not release another new film.[57][2]

Christopher Nolan at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.

Writer, director, and producer Christopher Nolan

Oppenheimer is the first script written by Christopher Nolan in the first person, as he wanted the narrative to be conveyed from Oppenheimer's perspective and described the "texture" of the film being "how the personal interacts with the historic and the geopolitical" with the intention of making it a cautionary tale.[48][59][60] He had begun writing the script he had finished Tenet and had written it in a few months, although Nolan had been envisioning the film for over 20 years.[48] A major plot element is Oppenheimer's response to the consequences of his actions, Nolan exploring the phenomenon of delayed reactions, as he felt people are not "necessarily confronted with the strongest or worst elements of [their actions] in the moment".[61] He also chose to alternate between scenes in color and black-and-white to convey the story from both subjective and objective perspectives, respectively,[62] with the most of Oppenheimer's view being shown via the former and the latter depicting a "more objective view of his story from a different character's point of view".[63][61] Wanting to make the film as subjective as possible, the production team decided to visualize 's conceptions of the quantum world and waves of energy.[64] Noting that Oppenheimer never publicly apologized for his role in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Nolan desired to portray Oppenheimer as feeling genuinely guilty of his actions, believing that to be accurate.[65]

I think of any character I've dealt with, Oppenheimer is by far the most ambiguous and paradoxical. Which, given that I've made three Batman films, is saying a lot.

— Christopher Nolan, Total Film[66]

He had begun by trying to find the "thread that connected the quantum realm, the vibration of energy, and Oppenheimer's own personal journey" and had sought to portray the difficulties in his life, particularly regarding his sexual life.[49] As such, Nolan wanted to candidly portray his affair with Jean Tatlock. He also wanted to explore Tatlock's influence on his life, since she was a Communist, as Nolan had known that it would have "enormous ramifications for his [Oppenheimer's] later life and his ultimate fate".[67] Nolan also sought to explore the relationship between Admiral Lewis Strauss, chair of the Atomic Energy Commission during the Manhattan Project, and Oppenheimer. He had been inspired by the relationship between Mozart and Antonio Salieri in the film Amadeus (1984).[61] Another critical moment of the film was the meeting in which President Harry S. called Oppenheimer a "crybaby". Nolan had wanted to convey the scene from Oppenheimer's perspective and had felt that it was a "massive moment of disillusion, a huge turning point [for Oppenheimer] in his approach to trying to deal with the consequences of what he'd been involved with", also underscoring that it is a "huge shift in perception about the reality of Oppenheimer's perception".[48] He had also wanted to execute a quick tonal shift after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to go from the "highest triumphalism, the highest high, to the lowest low in the shortest amount of screen time possible".[60] For the ending, Nolan had chosen to make it intentionally vague to be open to interpretation and had refrained from being didactic or conveying specific in his work. However, he did have the intention to have a "strong set of troubling reverberations at the end".[65]

had first been aware of Oppenheimer after hearing the lyric "How can I save my little boy from Oppenheimer's deadly toy?" in the song "Russians" (1985) by Sting.[61] He was also inspired by his fears of nuclear holocaust throughout his childhood, he had lived during the era of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the anti-nuclear protests in RAF Greenham Common. He had also opined that "while our relationship with that [nuclear] fear has ebbed and flowed with time, threat itself never actually went away", and felt the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused a resurgence of nuclear anxiety.[49] Nolan had also written a script for a biographic film about Hughes approximately during the time of production of Martin Scorsese's The Aviator (2004), which had given him insight on how to write a script regarding a person's life.[48] Blunt had described the Oppenheimer script as "emotional" and resembling that of a thriller film. She had also commented that she felt Nolan had "Trojan-Horsed a biopic into a thriller".[66]

Oppenheimer marks the sixth collaboration between Nolan and Murphy, and the first starring Murphy as the lead. prepare for the role, the actor did what he summarized as "an awful lot of reading" on Oppenheimer's life and had also been inspired by David Bowie's appearance in the 1970s.[68][6][61] Nolan had called one day requesting him to play the part, and Murphy had enthusiastically accepted his offer and was excited to play a lead role in a Nolan film. Afterwards, Nolan flew to Dublin to meet with Murphy, who had the script in his hotel room by September 2020.[69] Murphy lost an undisclosed amount of weight for the role and learned several thousand words in Dutch.[70]

The casting process was secretive that some of the actors did not know which role they were going to play until they signed on.[39] Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, and Emily Blunt took pay cuts to work on the film, earning $4 million each in lieu of their usual $10–20 million salaries.[71] Downey had gone to Nolan's house to read the script, was printed in black on red paper. Blunt had met Nolan in Los Angeles and, when she was offered the role of Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, she enthusiastically accepted; she had also contacted Murphy to get an expectation of what working with Nolan would be like.[72] Meanwhile, Matt Damon had chosen take a break from acting following negotiations with his wife Luciana Barroso in couples therapy unless Nolan had hired him for a film.[73] Nolan cast writer-director Benny Safdie as physicist Edward Teller after asking director Paul Thomas Anderson about his experiences directing Safdie in Licorice Pizza (2021).[74] Safdie worked alongside a nuclear physicist at Columbia University while in high school.[61] has described Oppenheimer as "the best film" he has appeared in.[75]

The film also marks the first time for Nolan to not cast Michael Caine, who has collaborated in every Nolan film since Batman Begins. When asked by his absence from the film, Nolan responded, "He's with us in spirit, but not an actual actor. No, no. wasn't able to join us for this one. But he's always with us in spirit and I've had the most wonderful collaboration with him over the years."[76][77]

Filming

Filming took place at the University of California, Berkeley in May 2022.

Pre-production was underway by January 2022 in New Mexico, where a two-day casting call took place in Santa Fe and Los Alamos for people to audition to play local residents, military personnel, and scientists.[78][79] Another casting call was held in February.[80] Principal photography began in late February 2022 and lasted for 57 days with Hoyte van Hoytema serving as cinematographer.[70][16] Gary Oldman said he would be on set for a day in May for "one scene, a page and a half".[41] Nolan's eldest daughter, Flora, filmed a scene in which she played a young woman in an explosion as part of a vision from Oppenheimer. His intention of including the scene was to convey that "the point is that if you create the ultimate destructive power, it will also destroy those who are near and dear to you" and felt that doing so was the best way of expressing it.[49]

The film used a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film.[6] It is also the first film to shoot sections on IMAX black-and-white photographic film, which Kodak created and FotoKem developed specifically for the movie.[81][82] In the second week of April, filming took place on location at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[83] Filming also occurred in California,[23] primarily around the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.[84] production team filmed scenes in Belen, New Mexico, with Murphy climbing a 100-foot steel tower, a replica of the original site used in the Manhattan Project, in rough weather.[2] Filming wrapped in May 2022.[85]

Filming involved the use of real explosives to recreate the Trinity nuclear test, forgoing the use of computer-generated graphics.[86] A special set was created with gasoline, propane, aluminum powder, and magnesium being used.[49] using miniatures for the practical effect, the film's special effects supervisor Scott R. Fisher referred to them as "big-atures", as the special effects team tried to make the models as large as possible. To make the models look closer to their intended natural size, the team used forced perspective. Since modern Los Alamos looks quite different today, a 1940s-style town was built from scratch for the film.[87][88] of the interactions between atoms, molecules and energy waves, as well as the depiction of stars, black holes and supernovas, were also achieved through practical methods. Nolan claimed the movie contains no computer-generated effects.[89] were also filmed in Oppenheimer's original cabin, which had been restored. Kai Bird was also on set and impressed by Murphy's performance as Oppenheimer during filming.[90]

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